Validation of The 3-Question Headache Screen in The Diagnosis of Migraine in Nigeria

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a chronic episodic disorder that is still under-diagnosed and undertreated.A rapid diagnostic method is desirable so that treatment can be initiated early. We compared the 3-question headache screen with the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria in the diagnosis ofmigraine among Nigerians.METHODS: Using a multi-stage sampling technique, 1513 respondents were screened for migraineusing both the IHS criteria and the 3-question headache screen. A statistical comparison of the twodiagnostic methods was then done by determination of kappa coefficient, sensitivity and specificity.RESULTS: The prevalence of migraine obtained using the IHS criteria was 9.6% (95% CI, 8.1%-11.1%)while it was 8.3% (95% CI, 8.1%-8.5%)with the use of the 3-question headache screen. There was a goodagreement between the IHS criteria and the 3-question headache screen (k=0.68, p<0.001). The 3-question headache screen had a sensitivity of 66.2% (95% CI, 58.5%-73.9%), specificity of 97.8% (95%CI, 97.0%-98.6%), positive predictive value of 76.2% (95% CI, 68.8%-83.6%) and a negative predictivevalue of 96.5% (95% CI, 95.5%-97.5%).CONCLUSION: The 3-question headache screen is sensitive and specific in making a rapid diagnosis ofmigraine among Nigerians. Its use is thus encouraged so that appropriate management of the conditioncan be initiated early in order to reduce associated disability.