The Utilization of Nile Water among the Riparian States: Tensions and Controversies on the Filling and Annual Operation of the GERD
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Published:
Feb 28, 2021
Keywords:
Annual Operation, GERD, Hegemony, Nile Basin Tensions, Reasonable Utilization
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Abstract
Despite the fear entertained by the downstream countries of the Nile basin, little attention was paid to the right of Ethiopia to utilize the Blue Nile waters. The purpose of this study is to explain the tension between upper riparian Ethiopia and downstream Sudan and Egypt on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) filling and controversies on its annual operation. A descriptive qualitative research method was employed to describe the tension concerning the filling and controversies on the annual operation of the GERD. The investigation relied on secondary sources of data obtained from YouTube videos of international broadcast media such as CGTN, Aljazeera, and TRT World. In addition, national broadcast media of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation and Ahadu Television), Sudan (Sudan Tribune), and Egypt (Daily News Egypt) accessed to make data balance. Moreover, letters from these countries sent to the UNSC have been reviewed. Besides, published and unpublished secondary sources on the Nile basin hydro-politics and the GERD were reviewed. The finding of the study reveals that the filling of the dam does not constitute significant harm as it can be seen from the first phase filling given the hydrological condition in the Eastern Nile Basin. The controversy regarding the annual operation of the GERD arises from the fear that their historical and current water use will be threatened. They wanted to conclude the binding agreement in their favor at the expense of Ethiopia’s future utilization of Blue Nile water. Their fear is Ethiopia would not remain faithful to its promises that the dam and its filling do not affect their water security. Rather than basing their claim on invalid colonial treaties, Egypt and Sudan should acknowledge Ethiopia’s right to utilize the Blue Nile water resource and fill the dam without causing significant harm. It is suggested to clear distrust and discuss issues of common concern by tolerating short-term risk for the long-term collective prosperity.
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Negasa Gelana Debisa. (2021). The Utilization of Nile Water among the Riparian States: Tensions and Controversies on the Filling and Annual Operation of the GERD. PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD), 2(1), 31-54. https://doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v2i1.2909
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https://dailynewsegypt.com/author/daily-news-egypt/.
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Howe, L. (2010). Hydropolitics of the Nile River: Conflict, policy and the future. Insights 4(1): 30-43.
Ibrahim, A. M. (2011). The Nile basin cooperative framework agreement: The beginning of the end of egyptian hydro-political hegemony. Missouri Environmental Law and Policy Review 18(4): 282–313.
Karyabwite, R. D. (2000). Water sharing in the Nile river valley. UNEP Project Gnv011: Using GIS/Remote sensing for the sustainable use of natural resources. UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Geneva.
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Nunzio, J. D. (2013). Conflict on the Nile: The future of transboundary water disputes over the world’s longest river. Strategic Analysis Paper. Future Directions International. Australia.
Obengo, J. O. (2016). Hydropolitics of the Nile : The case of Ethiopia and Egypt. African Security Review 25(1): 95–103.
Okoth-Owiro, A. (2004). The Nile treaty, state succession, and international treaty commitments: a case study of the Nile water treaties. Occasional Papers no.9. Nairobi: Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
Oloo, A. (2007). The quest for cooperation in the Nile water conflicts: The case of Eritrea. African Sociological Review 11 (1): 95-105.
Onencan, A. M., & Van de Walle, B. V. (2018). Equitable and reasonable utilization: reconstructing the Nile basin water allocation dialogue. Water, 10(6): 1-32.
Ottaway, M. (July 7, 2020). Egypt and Ethiopia: The curse of the Nile. Wilson Center’s Middle East Program. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/egypt-and-ethiopia-curse-nile.
Paul, Block. (2015). Ethiopia’s Grand Dam Plan [Video File]. Presented at University of Wisconsin, Maddison. Accessed on 8/13/2020 from https://r5---sn-xuj-5qqs.googlevideo.com/videoplayback.
Paul, Williams. (2002). Nile cooperation through hydro-realpolitik? Third World Quarterly 23(6): 1189-1196.
Qureshi, W. A. (2017). Equitable apportionment of shared transboundary river waters: A case study of modifications of the Indus waters treaty. San Diego International Law Journal 18(199): 199-240.
Rahaman, M. M. (2009). Principles of international water law: Creating effective transboundary water resources management. International Journal of Sustainable Society 1(3): 207-223.
Ribeiro, W. C., & Sant’Anna, F. M. (2014). Water security and interstate conflict and cooperation. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica 60(3): 573–596.
Samuel, L. (2008). Double-edged hydro politics on the Nile linkages between domestic water policy making and transboundary conflict and cooperation (Doctoral Thesis). ETH Zurich Research Collection.
Satti S., Zaitchik B., & Siddiqui S. (2015). The question of Sudan: A hydro-economic optimization model for the Sudanese Blue Nile. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (19): 2275–2293.
Shaw, M. N. (2003). International law (Fifth Edition).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shaw, M. N. (2008). International Law (Sixth Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sudan Tribune. (August 15, 2020). Sudan, Egypt call for legally binding agreement on Ethiopia’s Dam. Sudan Tribune: Plural News and views on Sudan. Retrieved on 2/18/2021 from https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&page=imprimable& id_article=69707.
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=imprimable&idarticle=47124.
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Swain, A. (2008). Mission not yet accomplished managing water resources in the Nile River Basin. Journal of International Affairs 61(2):201-214.
Swain, A. (2011). Challenges for water sharing in the Nile basin: Changing geopolitics and changing climate. Hydrological Sciences Journal 56(4): 687-702.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2011.577037
Tadesse, Debay. (2008). The Nile: Is it a curse or a blessing? ISS Paper No. 174. Institute for Security Studies.
Talwar, E., Vishwanath. A., Kumar, A., Philip, D., Singh, E. & Mutoo, Sh. (2013). Blue peace for the Nile. Strategic Foresight Group. Mumbai.
Tawfik, R. (2019). Beyond the river: Elite perceptions and regional cooperation in the eastern Nile basin. Water Alternatives 12(2): 655-675.
Tesfa-Alem, T. (14 January 2016). Ethiopia rejects Egypt’s proposal to redesign Nile Dam. Sudan Tribune: Plural News and views on Sudan. Retrieved on 2/18/2021 from https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&page=imprimable&id_article=57682.
The Ethiopian Herald. (July 24, 2020). Abbay - From a source of grief to a cause of relief. Retrieved on October 17, 2020, from https://www.press.et/english/?p=25335#.
Udobong, E. (2016). The rising conflict on the nile waters: Understand its legal, environmental, and public health consequences. Liberty University Law Review 10(3): 468–500.
Upadhyay, S. N. & Gaudel, P. (2017). The adoption of the declaration of the principles on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and lessons for South Asia. Hydro Nepal 1(21):17-24.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.3126/hn.v21i0.17817.
Wendmu, B. (2019). Counter hydro-hegemony movement over the Nile basin by the upstream states and Egypt’s reactions: The cooperative framework agreement and the Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam. Mekelle University Journal of Political Science and Strategic Studies 1(1):1-34.
Wheeler, K. G., Basheer, M., Mekonnen, Z. T., Eltoum, S. O., Mersha, A., Abdo, G. M., & Dadson, S. J. (2016). Cooperative filling approaches for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Water International 41(4): 611–634.
Wheeler, K. G., Jeuland, M., Hall, J. W., Zagona, E., & Whittington, D. (2020). Understanding and managing new risks on the Nile with the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Nature Communications 11(5222): 1–9.
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