A Comparative Analysis of Collaborative Natural Resource Governance in Two Protected Areas in Zambia
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Published:
Aug 31, 2023
Keywords:
Environmental Governance, Interactions, Participation, Conservation
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Abstract
In Zambia, early models of natural resource governance were based on state-centric approaches to conservation and later, to some degree, based on Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) models. Both of the models delivered poorly in terms of improved biodiversity management, enhanced rural livelihoods, and rights-based benefits. A lack of productive dialogue, involvement, and participation of local communities in natural resource governance resulted in considerable conflicts between protected area managers and local communities, with substantial local political and socio-economic costs. Through a mixed-methods approach using a questionnaire, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews, the Environmental Governance Systems (EGS) framework was applied to compare how interactions among political, economic, and civil society actors influence resource use and the state of resources in the state-led Kaingu chiefdom and the community-managed Kaindu Community Conservancy. Results show limited communication, cooperation, and coordination among the actors in both cases. Conflicting interests over the use of land, wildlife, forests, and fisheries among actors have led to strained relationships, limited interactions, and many negative outcomes in both cases. Both protected areas exhibit a top-down structure of natural resources governance with limited community participation, conflictual relationships among actors, corruption, lack of transparency, and low accountability. The CBNRM structures and processes need to be changed legislatively to improve local ownership and a sense of responsibility and legitimacy by restructuring the constitutions of CBNRM organizations and developing their human resource, financial, and logistical capacities. The study proposes a proactive transformative model for mitigating negative impacts on the state of resources and resource use.
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Kampinda Luaba, Kobus Muller, Paul Vedeld, & Vincent R. Nyirenda. (2023). A Comparative Analysis of Collaborative Natural Resource Governance in Two Protected Areas in Zambia. PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD), 4(2), 36-68. https://doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v4i2.4847
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Research-based/ Original Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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Vedeld, P. (2017). "Something that NGOs do?" Notes on participation and governance in the environment and development policy field. International and Environmental Development Studies NORAGRIC. As: Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
Vedeld, P. (2020). Stakeholder Analysis, Natural Resources Management and Governance - Comparing Approaches. As: Department of International and Environmental Development Studies: Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU).
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Axelrod, R. M. (1997). The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bandyopadhyay, S., & Tembo, G. (2010). Household Consumption and Natural Resources Management around National Parks in Zambia. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 2(1), 39–55. doi:10.1080/19390450903350838
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Brockington. (2002). Fortress Conservation: The Preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Burkey, S. (1993). People First: A Guide to Participatory Rural Development. ERIC.
Castells, M. (2009). Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Child, B., & Barnes, G. (2010). The conceptual evolution and practice of community-based natural resources management in southern Africa: past, present and future. Environmental Conservation, 37, 283-295.
Cleaver, F. (1999). Paradoxes in Participation. Journal of International Development, 11(4), 597–612.
Cleaver, F. (2012). Introducing Bricolage. In F. Cleaver, Development through Bricolage: Rethinking Institutions for Natural Resource Management (pp. 33–52). Abingdon: Routledge.
Cocks, M., Dold, A., & Grundy, I. (2001). Challenges Facing a Community Structure to Implement CBNRM in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. African Studies Quarterly, 5(3), 57-70.
CSO. (2012). 2010 Census of Population and Housing: National Analytical Report. Lusaka: Central Statistical Office.
Davenport, M. A., Leahy, J. E., Anderson, D. H., & Jakes, P. J. (2007). Building Trust in Natural Resource Management Within Local Communities: A Case Study of the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie. Environmental Management, 39, 353–368. doi:10.1007/s00267-006-0016-1
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DNPW. (2013a). Mumbwa Game Management Area: General Management Plan (2013-2023). Lusaka: Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Ministry of Tourism and Arts.
DNPW. (2013b). Dry Season Survey of Large Herbivores for Kafue and Luangwa Ecosystems. Chilanga: Department of National Parks and Wildlife.
DNPW. (2018). CBNRM Guidelines. Chilanga, Zambia: Department of National Parks and Wildlife.
DoF. (2013). Department of Fisheries Annual Report. Chilanga: Department of Fisheries.
Dressler, W., Busher, B., Schoon, M., Brockington, D., Hayes, T., & Kull, C. (2010). From hope to crisis and back again? A critical history of the global CBNRM narrative. Environmental Conservation, 37(1), 5–15.
Dudley, N. (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland: IUCN.
Game Rangers International. (2023). Retrieved September 2, 2020, from Game Rangers International: https://www.gamerangersinternational.org/resourceprotection
Global Forest Watch. (2022). Global Forest Watch - Zambia. Retrieved November 28, 2022, from Global Forest Watch: https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/ZMB/?category=summary&location=WyJjb3VudHJ5IiwiWk1CIl0%3D&map=eyJjZW50ZXIiOnsibGF0IjotMTMuMjI0NDY0OTg3NzU3NzkxLCJsbmciOjI3
GRZ. (2011). The Fisheries Act. Lusaka: Governement printers.
GRZ. (2015). The Forest Act. Lusaka, Zambia: Government Printers.
GRZ. (2015a). The Zambia Wildlife Act, 2015. Lusaka, Zambia: Government Printers.
Haggblade, S., & Tembo, G. (2003). Conservation Farming in Zambia. EPTD Discussion Paper. Washington D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Hall, M., Murombedzi, J., Nkonkomalimba, M., Sambo, P., & Sommerville , M. (2017). Zambia customary land documentation tenure assessment. Lusaka: USAID Tenure and Global Climate Change Program.
Haque, M. (2017). Environmental Governance. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_1766-1
Hovmand, P. S. (2014). Community-Based System Dynamics. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Hutton, J., Adams, W. M., & Murombedzi, J. C. (2005). Back to Barriers? Changing Narratives in Biodiversity Conservation. Forum for Development Studies, 32, 341-370.
ITTDC. (2015). District Situational Analysis. Itezhi-tezhi: The Planning Unit, Itezhi-tezhi District Council.
Kefi, A. S., & Mofya-Mukuka, R. (2015). The Fisheries Sector in Zambia: Status, Management and Challenges. Lusaka: Indaba Agriculture Policy Research Institute (IAPRI).
Lemos, M. C., & Agrawal, A. (2006). Environmental Governance. Annual Reviews of Environmental Resources, 31, 297–325.
Lillehagen, C. T. (2016). Stakeholders' attitudes, values and norms towards governance of protected areas in Zambia - an institutional analysis. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of International and Environment Studies. Retrieved August 20, 2019, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eb64/95837de0de13c5c6377932cf6c5a48079986.pdf
Lindsey, P. A., Nyirenda, V. R., Barnes, J. I., Becker, M. S., McRobb, R., Tambling, C. J., . . . t'Sas-Rolfes, M. (2014). Underperformance of African Protected Area Networks and the Case of New Conservation Models: Insights from Zambia. PLoS ONE 9(5). doi:101371/journal.pone.0094109.
Lockwood, M., Davidson, J., Curtis, A., Stratford, E., & Griffith, R. (2010). Governance Principles for Natural Resource Management. Society and Natural Resources, 23(10), 986–1001.
Luaba, K. (2021). Collaborative Natural Resources Governance for Biodiversity and Livelihoods Around Protected Areas: A Dual Case Study of Kaingu and Kaindu, Zambia. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Lunstrum, E. (2016). Green grabs, land grabs and the spatiality of displacement: eviction from Mozambique's Limpopo National Park. Area, 48(2), 142–152. doi:10.1111/area.12121
Mallarach, J. (Ed.). (2008). Protected Landscapes and Cultural and Spiritual Values. Heidelberg: Kasparek Verlag on behalf of GTZ, IUCN and Obra Social de Caixa Catalunya.
Mbinji, J. (2012). Land justice, land reform and access: Proposals for land justice for poor families with particular emphasis on Zambia. Dublin: Comhlámh, AITEC and WEED. Retrieved May 31, 2020, from https://www2.weed-online.org/uploads/land_justice_land_reform_and_access_2012.pdf
Metcalfe, L. (2001). ‘Reforming European Governance: old problems or new principle?'. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 67(3), 415–443.
Munshifwa, E. (2018). Customary Land Governance in Zambia: Inertia, Confusion and Corruption. Land Governance in an Interconnected World: Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
Musavengane, R., & Simatele, D. M. (2016). Community-based natural resource management: The role of social capital in collaborative environmental management of tribal resources in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 33(6), 1-16. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2016.1231054
Mushinge, A., & Mwando, S. (2016, March). Implications of Pro-Market Land Policies on Customary Land Users in Zambia: A Case of Large-scale Land Investments in Kaindu Chiefdom, Mumbwa District. Munich, Bavaria, Germany. doi:http://dx.doi.org/1011114/ijsss.v4i8.1585
Newell, P., Pattberg, P., & Schroeder, H. (2012). Multiactor Governance and the Environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37, 365-387. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-020911-094659
Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and human development . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ostrom, E. (2008). DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF ROBUST PROPERTY-RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? Land Policies and Property Rights. Bloomington: Indiana University.
Ostrom, E. (2009). A General Framework for Analysing Sustainability of Socio-ecological Systems. Science, pp. 419–422.
Ostrom, E. (2009b). Design Principles of Robust Property-Rights Institutions: What have we learned? In G. K. Ingram & Y. H. Hong (Ed.), Property Rights and Land Policies (pp. 25–51). Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Ratner, B., Burnley, C., Mugisha, S., Madzudzo, E., Oeur, I., Mam, K., Adriazola, P. (2018). Investing in multi-stakeholder dialogue to address natural resource competition and conflict. Development in Practice, 28(6), 799-812. doi:10.1080/09614524.2018.1478950
Reed, M. S. (2008). Stakeholder participation in environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation, 141, 2417–2431.
Rose, R., & Peiffer, C. (2019). Bad Governance and Corruption. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Samndong, R. A. (2017). Governing the Jungle: REDD+ and forest governance in the Democratic Republic of Congo: analysis of drivers, tenure, gender and participation. Ås: Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
Sharp, E., & Curtis, A. (2014). Can NRM agencies rely on capable and effective staff to build trust in the agency? Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 21(3), 268-280. doi:10.1080/14486563.2014.881306
Sharp, E., Thwaites, R., Curtis, A., & Millar, J. (2013). Trust and trustworthiness: Conceptual distinctions and their implications for natural resources management. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 56(8), 1246-1256. doi:10.1080/09640568.2012.717052
Stephanie, B., Aguinis, H., & Wassmer, U. (2013). Self-Reported Limitations and Future Directions in Scholarly Reports: Analysis and Recommendations. Journal of Management, 39(1), 48–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312455245.
Tarrow, S. (2005). The New Transnational Activism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thakadu, O. T. (2004). Success Factors in Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Northern Botswana: Lessons from Practice. Natural Resources Forum, 29, 199-212. doi:0.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00130.x
TNC. (2015). Baseline Socio-economic Assessment for the Kaindu Community near Kafue National Park in Zambia. Lusaka: The Nature Conservancy.
Tsang, S., Burnett, M., Hills, P., & Welford, R. (2009). Trust, Public Participation and Environmental Governance in Hong Kong. Environmental Policy and Governance, 19, 99-114.
Vedeld, P. (2017). "Something that NGOs do?" Notes on participation and governance in the environment and development policy field. International and Environmental Development Studies NORAGRIC. As: Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
Vedeld, P. (2020). Stakeholder Analysis, Natural Resources Management and Governance - Comparing Approaches. As: Department of International and Environmental Development Studies: Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU).
Vedeld, P., Jumane, A., Wapaila, G., & Songorwa, A. (2012). Protected areas, poverty and conflicts: A livelihood case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 21, 20-31.
Vinya, R., Syampungani, S., Monde, C., Kasubika, R., & Kasumu, E. C. (2012). Preliminary Study on the Drivers of Deforestation and Potential for REDD+ in Zambia: A consultancy report prepared for the Forestry Department and FAO under the national UN-REDD+ Program. Lusaka: Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources.
Voinov, A., & Bousquet, F. (2010). Modeling with stakeholders. Environmental modeling and software, 1-14.
Wingqvist, G. Ö., Drakenberg, O., Slunge, D., Sjöstedt, M., & Ekbom, A. (2012). The role of governance for improved outcomes. Stockholm: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.
Zambian Watchdog. (2018, September 21). Retrieved May 20, 2020, from Zambian Watchdog: https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/ngos-to-demonstrate-against-corruption/