Critical Assessment of Geostrategic Infiltration in UN Peacekeeping Operations Deployed in Intra-State Armed Conflicts in Africa: The Case of ONUC in DRC in 1960
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study focuses on the deployments of UN peacekeeping operations within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa. The statement of the problem and objective of the study is to demonstrate amidst the significant roles that UN peacekeeping operations deployed within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa have played and are still playing, nonetheless growing geostrategic infiltration from hegemonic states as well as other member states from where troops are drawn from to constitute different operations to mitigate the armed conflicts. This is very important for the successful consolidation of the mandates of different UN peacekeeping operations deployed within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa. The study incorporated both primary and secondary sources of data. The qualitative descriptive analysis and its instruments are the research method that fits the study. The results of the findings were parallel to the problem statement and objective, which proved that geostrategic infiltration aimed at guaranteeing the interests of hegemonic and other member states of the UN that are proved apparent. The study's conclusion and recommendations were proffered to mitigating geostrategic infiltration in UN peacekeeping deployments faced with intra-state armed conflicts in Africa after an in-depth analysis of the case study under review in this study. That is, the United Nations Operations in the Congo deployed in view of the intra-state armed conflict that hit Congo in 1960, where the end of that mission was a debacle. A debacle explained largely by geostrategic infiltration. The Security Council is making every effort to mitigate the numerous challenges that have been and are still impeding the UN peacekeeping operations from successfully consolidating their mandates in different intra-state armed conflicts in Africa where they have been deployed. This study seeks to draw the attention of the international community to a veritable challenge that has become a pertinent stake (geostrategic infiltration), impeding the successful consolidation of the different UN peacekeeping mandates deployed within intra-state armed conflicts in Africa.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
issues. New dimensions of peacekeeping, ed. Daniel Warner. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Abi-Saab, G. (1978). The United Nations operation in the Congo 1960-1964, Oxford, Oxford
University Press.
Al-Qaq, R.K. (2009). Managing world order: United Nations peace operations and the
security agenda, New York, Taurus Academic studies.
Annan, K. A, and Mousavizadeh, N. (2012). Interventions a life in war and peace, London,
Penguin Books. Armed conflicts (1990-199). Source: http://www.berghof-handbook.net
B. Boutrous-Ghali. (1992). An Agenda for Peace: preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and
peacekeeping, New York, United Nations.
Bellamy, A.J., Williams, P.D. and Griffin, S. (2010). Understanding peacekeeping. New
York, Polity Press.
Ball, M. M. (1961). Non-intervention vs. human rights and the preservation of democratic
institutions,” in international organization.
Brunsson, N. (1989). The organization of hypocrisy: talk, decisions and actions in organizations, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.
Collins, C.J. (1993). The cold war comes to Africa: Cordier and the 1960 Congo Crisis,” in
journal of international affairs.
Collins, C. (1992). Fatally flawed mediation: Cordier and the Congo crisis of 1960. in Africa
Today, Vol. 39, No. 3.
Collins, C.J. (1993). The cold war comes to Africa: Cordier and the 1960 Congo Crisis,” in
journal of international affairs.
Dena Taylor. (2006). Health sciences writing centre, and Margaret Procter. University of
Toronto.Retrieved on 23 August 2019 at 2:15 pm from: http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review.
De Waal, A. (2005). Famine that Kills: Darfur-Sudan, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed, New York, Penguin
Books.
Findlay, T., C (2002). The use of force in UN peace operations, Oxford, Oxford University
Press.
Grovogui, S.N. (2002). Regimes of sovereignty: international morality and the African
condition,” in European journal of international relations, Vol. 8, No. 3.
Gibbs, D.N. (2000). The United Nations, international peacekeeping and the question of
‘impartiality’: revisiting the Congo operation of 1960,” in the Journal of modern African studies, Vol. 38, No. 03.
Hoskyns, C. (1961). The Congo: A chronology of events, Jan. I960-Dec. I96I, London,
Chatham House.
Higgins, R. (1980). United Nations peacekeeping 1946-1967: documents and commentary.
Vol. 1: The Middle East, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Housen, R.T. (2002). The privatization of warfare: back to the future, Washington DC.
National war college Press.
James, A. (1996). “Bowing to the United States II: Dénouement,” in Britain and the Congo
Crisis, 1960-63. London, Palgrave Macmillan.
James, A. (1996). Britain and the Congo Crisis, 1960-63, London, St Martin’s Press.
Krasner, S.D. (1999). Sovereignty: Organized hypocrisy, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University
Press.
Levine, D.H. (2001). “Peacekeeper impartiality: standards, processes, and operations” in
Journal of international peacekeeping, Vol.15, No.3-4.
Lippmann, W. (1961). Dag Hammarskjöld: United Nations pioneer,” in international
organization.
Lipson, M. (2007). Peacekeeping: organized hypocrisy?” in European journal of international
relations, Vol. 13, No. 1.
Malan, Mark. (1998). Peacekeeping in the new millennium: towards fourth generation
operations, published in African Security Review, Pretoria, South Africa.
O’Brien, C, C. (1962). To Katanga and back: A UN case history. New York, Grosset &
Dunlap.
R.E Utley. (2006). Major power and peacekeeping: perspective, priorities and the challenges
of military Intervention, Ed.
Saksena, K.P. (1974). The United Nations and collective security: a historical analysis, New
Delhi, DK Publishing House.
Simmonds, R. (1968). Legal Problems Arising from the United Nations Military Operations
in Congo, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff.
Théophile Owona. (2014). International Humanitarian Law, Sopecam, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Tsagourias, N. (2006). Consent, neutrality/impartiality and the use of force in peacekeeping:
their Constitutional dimension,” in journal of conflict and security law, Vol. 11.
Urquhart, B. (1987). A life in peace and war, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
UN Peacekeeping Map from the UN Cartographic Section, April 2018:
www.un.org/depts/Cartographic/map/dpko/P-K-O.pdf
UN Document A/47/277-S/24111, an Agenda for Peace.
UN Charter 1945
UN Doc. S/4382, 13 July 1960
Wedgwood, R. (1995). The evolution of United Nations peacekeeping,” in Cornell
international law journal, Vol. 28, No. 3.
Weissman, S.R. (1974). American foreign policy in the Congo, 1960-1964, Cornell, Cornell
University Press.