Can Lamb And Lion Tango? Investigating Nigeria’s Practice of Public Administration and Peculiar Challenges from Structural Functional Theory
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Published:
Feb 29, 2024
Keywords:
Developmental State, Governance Structure, Politics-Administration Dichotomy, Procedural Violation, Weaponization of Poverty and Inequality
Main Article Content
Abstract
There is a gap in scholarly literature that has yet to be filled by scholars regarding the practice of public administration, challenges, and viable policy roadmaps for urgent governance situations in Nigeria. Anchored on functionalism, this study specifically examined the historical, phenomenological, and philosophical investigation of Nigeria's practice of public administration, the challenges of Nigeria's public administration, and how the politics-administration dichotomy influences Nigeria's practice of public administration. The type of data sought established the study through the qualitative method. Data were collected through primary and secondary means, and content analysis was performed. Drawing from interviews with professional administrators, this study revealed how corruption, godfatherism, irresponsible and irresponsive leadership, poverty, and procedural violations troubled public administration. Also, Nigeria’s public administration is characterized by a politics-administration dichotomy with its negative inputs and resultant effects. Due to the pervasive effect of these challenges, the country is not a developmental state and lacks appropriate governance structures that can usher in sustainable development (SD). Nigeria should be made a developmental state through robust development policies and effective implementation by responsive political leadership and administrative practices devoid of corruption, godfather politics, and procedural violations.
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Chioke, S. C. (2024). Can Lamb And Lion Tango? Investigating Nigeria’s Practice of Public Administration and Peculiar Challenges from Structural Functional Theory. PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD), 5(1), 78-105. https://doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v5i1.5362
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Research-based/ Original Articles
References
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Achebe, C. (2012). There was a country: A personal history of Biafra. Britain: Penguin Books
Adebayo, A. (1984). Principles and practice of public administration. New York: John Willey and Sons
Anikpo, M.O.C; Mohammed, A.S.; Ezegbe, M.O., Salau, A.T. & Okunamiri, R. U. (2007). Basic social studies for junior secondary schools 1. Lagos: Learn Africa Plc
Bello, K. (2022). Ethics in public administration. In Ewuim, N. C. (ed). Public administration in a pandemic era: Emerging issues in Nigeria. TETFUND book project chapter. Awka: Fab Educational Books. 1, 1 – 8
Cabral, S., Mahoney, J.T., McGraham, A.M. & Potoski, M. (2019). Value creation and value appropriation in public and nonprofit organizations. Strategic Management Journal. 40, 465-475
Chakravarthy, S. (2016). Role of Government, Sustainable Economic Growth and Competition Reforms An Indian Perspective. In CUTS International (2016). Pursuing Competition and Regulatory Reforms for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. India: Jaipur Printers Private Limited, Jaipur
Chioke, SC. (2023). Responsible leadership and accountability challenge in Nigeria's public administration and sustainable development: A glocalised perspective. Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Science. 16, 98-116
Chioke, S.C. (2022a). Politics of marginalization of Igbo nation in Nigerian public administration and insecurity: A blessing or a curse? Extensive Reviews 2(1); 56 – 68
Chioke, S.C. (2022b). Ontology of Nigerian local governments: A functional approach towards the global pattern. Extensive Reviews 2(1); 45 – 55
Chioke, SC (2022c). Godfatherism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Democracy and Development in Nigeria. In Oviasuyi, P. O. & Oboh, G. E. (Eds). Election, Governance and Democratic consolidation: The Nigerian experience. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria. pp.150-172
Chioke, S.C. (2021a). Influence of poverty on academic performance: A systematic study of secondary school students in Enugu East LGA. Archives of Educational Studies 1(1),19-36
Chioke, S.C. (2021b). Anatomy of Nigerian federalism: A reflection of the nagging challenges and prospects from a cultural relativist perspective. PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development. 2(2), 232 – 256
Chioke, S. C. (2020). The trouble with godfatherism in Enugu State from 1999 – 2019: Diagnosing the gargantuan enigma and the escape route thereof. Journal of Public Administration and Governance Research. 3(1); 277 – 300
Chioke, S. C. (2012). First step on the study of public administration. Enugu: Prince Digital Press.
Chioke, S.C., Abasili, N.K., Okeke, Q.C., Mbamalu, K.U., Ibe, R.C & Odidika, T.E. (2023). Human capital development as a catalyst for employee performance in selected Nigerian public institutions. West African Journal of Educational Sciences and Practice, 2(2), 73 – 80 https://doi.org/10.57040/wajesp.v2i2.474
Chioke, S.C. & Ewuim, N.C. (2022). Urban administration: A pandemic and post-pandemic discourse. In Ewuim, N. C. (ed). Public administration in a pandemic era: Emerging issues in Nigeria. TETFUND book project chapter. Awka: Fab Educational Books. 1, 32 – 42
Chioke, S.C. & Mbamalu, K.U. (2020). Human resource planning and organizational performance: A philosophical approach. International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies, 3(3); 387-398
Chukwuemeka, E.O. (2012). The politics of godfatherism as a foundation source of instability in Nigeria. International Journal of Political Science, Law and International Relations 2(2), 69-80
Chukwuemeka, E.O. (2022). Marriage of inconvenience between neo-imperialism and Nigerian development: Can hippo and rhinos tango? 73rd Inaugural Lecture of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka. Delivered on December 15, 2022.
CUTS International (2016). Pursuing competition and regulatory reforms for achieving sustainable development goals. India: Jaipur Printers Private Limited, Jaipur
Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Demir, T. & Nyhan, R. (2008). Politics – administration dichotomy: An Empirical search for correspondence between theory and practice. Public Administration Review 68(1), 81-96
DeRosso, D. (2003). The structural functional theoretical approach. Accessed on 3/3/2023
Dike, V.E. (2009). Failed visions and economic transformation: Can Nigeria unravel the tangle? Economic & Policy Review, pp. 27-31
Eberinwa, O.M., Ifegwu, A.N. & Gbemudu, A.J. (2022). Governance and COVID-19: Emerging issues in politics. In Ewuim, N. C. (ed). Public administration in a pandemic era: Emerging issues in Nigeria. TETFUND book project chapter. Awka: Fab Educational Books. Vol 1 pp 60 – 76
Elekwa, N.N. (2009). The rule of law in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. ESUT Journal of Administration. 2(1), pp. 55-70
Ewuim, N.C. (2008). Succinct approach to government: A comparative analysis. Awka: Mount Carmel Printing & Publishing Ltd
Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999). Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Lagos: Federal Printer.
Gladden, E.N. (1972). A history of public administration. London: Frank Cass and Company.
Goodnow, F.J. (1900). Politics and administration. New York: McMillan.
Gómez-Diago G. (2020). Functionalist theory. In Merskin, D. L. (ed.). The SAGE international encyclopedia of mass media and society. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.
Grahame, B. (2016). What is responsible leadership? Training Journal
Holmwood, J. (2005). Functionalism and its critics. In Hamington, A. (ed.). Modernization theory: An introduction. Oxford: University Press. 87 – 107
Ibeme, N.P. (2020). Effect of leadership styles on human capacity building and sustainable management of SMEs in Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies, 3(3), 431-454
Idike, A. N., Ukeje, I.O., Ogbulu, U., Aloh, J. N., Obasi, V.U., Osuebi, K. & Ejem, E.N. (2020). The practice of human capital development process and poverty reduction: Consequences for sustainable development goals in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Public Organization Review. 21, 263-280
Ikejiani, M.C. (1995). The pathologies of local government administration: Corruption/fraud. In Ikejiani, M. C and Okoli, F. C. (eds) Local Government Administration in Nigeria: Current Problems and Future Challenges. Lagos: Mangrove Publication
Jewellord, N.S & Jesse, S.O. (2018). The theory and practice of building developmental states in the global south. Third World Quarterly. 39(6)
John H. & Ambreena M. (2013). Satire and the politics of corruption in Kenya. Soc & Leg Stud 22(1) 13.
Johnson, MITI & the Japanese Miracle, supra note 11 at 315, 317, 319. In Nwapi, C & Andrews, N. A (n.d). A new developmental state in Africa? Evaluating recent states interventions vis-à-vis resource extraction in Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda. MJSDL – RDDDM 13(2) 227-267
Joseph, R. (2009). Economic transformation and developmental governance in Nigeria: The promise of the Obama era. https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/economic-transformation-and-developmental-governance-in-nigeria-the-promise-of-the-obama-era/
Khemani R.S. & Dutz, M.A (1996). The instruments of competition policy and their relevance for economic policy’, PSD Occasional Paper no. 26, World Bank, Washington DC.
Kivleniece, I. & Quelin, B. (2012). Creating and capturing value in public private ties: A private sector’s perspective. Academy of Management Review. 37, 272-299
Lakoma, K (2023). A comparative study of governance changes on the perceptions of accountability in Fire and Rescue Services in England. Public Administration doi.org/10.1111/padm.12923
Levy, B. & Spiller, P.T. (1994). The institutional foundations of regulatory commitment: A comparative analysis of telecommunications regulation. The Journal of Law, Economics & Organisation, 10, 201-246
Malkin, J. & Wildavsky, A. (2016). Why the traditional distinction between public and private goods should be abandoned. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 3(4),
Meyns, P & Musamba (2010). The Developmental State in Africa: Problems and prospects. Institute for Development and Peace.
Mkandawire, T. (2001). Thinking about developmental states in Africa. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 25(3).
National Bureau of Statistics (2022). Nigeria Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022.
Ndubuisi, J. (2011). Politics in Nigeria: An appraisal. Enugu: HRV Publishers
Ndukwe, C. et al (2022). Public private partnerships dynamics in Nigeria power sector: Service failure outcomes and consumer dissonance behavior. Public Organisation Review.
Nwankwo, BC (2022). Why Nigeria is not working and fixing Nigeria of our dream: Unburdening the colonial burden. 69th Inaugural lecture of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka held on Thursday, January 27, 2022.
Nwapi, C & Andrews, N.A (n.d). A new developmental state in Africa? Evaluating recent states interventions vis-à-vis resource extraction in Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda. MJSDL – RDDDM 13(2) 227-267
Ochieng’ W. and R Maxon (1992). An economic history of Kenya.
Ohiole, K., & Ojo, S. (2016). Political godfatherism and democratic consolidation in Nigeria : Empirical evidence from Oyo State and Kwara State. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(8), 1-12
Okigbo, A.C. & Nsiegbunam, C. (2000). Modern public administration: Principles and practice. Enugu: Best Publishers
Onah, F.O. (2020). Public service reforms: Desiderata for realizing sustainable development goals in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration & Governance Research 3(1); 1 – 8.
Onah, F.O. (2009). Electoral process and democracy in Nigeria (1999-2007): An appraisal. ESUT Journal of Administration. 2(1).
Onah, R.C. (2005). Public administration. Nsukka: Great AP Express Publishers Ltd
Paul, S.O., Alih, M.A. & Audu, E. (2017). Public Administration and Traditional Administrative System in Africa: An Interdependency Discourse. Management (1), 1 – 15
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. (2016). Public management reforms: A comparative analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Ramadhani M. & Vain J. (2022). Professionalizing public administration and the impact of performance audit on public organizations in Tanzania. PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development, 3(2), 85-112. https://doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v3i2.3941
Raudla, R., Taro, K., Agu, C. & Diuglas, J.W. (2016). The impact of performance audit on public sector organizations: The case of Estonia. Public Organization Review, 16(2), 217 – 233
Rodney, W. (1972). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
Rosenbloom, D.H. & Kravchuk, R.S. (2002). Public administration: Understanding management, politics and law in the public sector. Boston: McGraw Hill
Susser, B. (1992). Approaches to the study of politics. New York: Macmillan.
Svara, J. (1998). The politics-administration dichotomy model as aberration. Public Administration Review. 58(1), 51–58.
Talbot, C. (2016). Theories of performance: Organizational and service improvement in public domain. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Udenta, J. (2017). Ndigbo and the current political equation in Nigeria: A parametric Outlook. 24th Inaugural Lecture of Enugu State University of Science and Technology. Delivered on January 26, 2017.
Ukeje, I.O. (2006). The challenges of effective leadership in Nigerian Public Administration: A case study of Obasanjo Administration 1999-2006. Unpublished B.Sc Project. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
Ukeje, I.O; Ndukwe, C; Chukwuemeka, E.; Udu O. & Onele J. C. (2020): Public service recruitment practices and implications for sustainable development in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(4):361-372
Ukwandu, DC (2019) South Africa as a developmental state. Is it a viable idea? School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy. University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
United Nations (2017). Achieving sustainable development goals in East and North East Asia. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Urry, J. (2000). Sociology beyond societies: mobilities for the twenty-first century. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
Wikibooks (2023). Wikibooks: Open Books for an Open World: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sociological_Theory/Structural_Functionalism (Accessed: March 24, 2023).
Wilson, W. (1941). The Study of Administration. Political Science Quarterly, 56(4), 481–506. https://doi.org/10.2307/2143644
Zayum, S.S. & Agbodike, F.C. (2021). Human capital development and service delivery in Benue State Universal Basic Education Board Makurdi, Nigeria. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research 7(3), 41-49
Achebe, C. (2012). There was a country: A personal history of Biafra. Britain: Penguin Books
Adebayo, A. (1984). Principles and practice of public administration. New York: John Willey and Sons
Anikpo, M.O.C; Mohammed, A.S.; Ezegbe, M.O., Salau, A.T. & Okunamiri, R. U. (2007). Basic social studies for junior secondary schools 1. Lagos: Learn Africa Plc
Bello, K. (2022). Ethics in public administration. In Ewuim, N. C. (ed). Public administration in a pandemic era: Emerging issues in Nigeria. TETFUND book project chapter. Awka: Fab Educational Books. 1, 1 – 8
Cabral, S., Mahoney, J.T., McGraham, A.M. & Potoski, M. (2019). Value creation and value appropriation in public and nonprofit organizations. Strategic Management Journal. 40, 465-475
Chakravarthy, S. (2016). Role of Government, Sustainable Economic Growth and Competition Reforms An Indian Perspective. In CUTS International (2016). Pursuing Competition and Regulatory Reforms for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. India: Jaipur Printers Private Limited, Jaipur
Chioke, SC. (2023). Responsible leadership and accountability challenge in Nigeria's public administration and sustainable development: A glocalised perspective. Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Science. 16, 98-116
Chioke, S.C. (2022a). Politics of marginalization of Igbo nation in Nigerian public administration and insecurity: A blessing or a curse? Extensive Reviews 2(1); 56 – 68
Chioke, S.C. (2022b). Ontology of Nigerian local governments: A functional approach towards the global pattern. Extensive Reviews 2(1); 45 – 55
Chioke, SC (2022c). Godfatherism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Democracy and Development in Nigeria. In Oviasuyi, P. O. & Oboh, G. E. (Eds). Election, Governance and Democratic consolidation: The Nigerian experience. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria. pp.150-172
Chioke, S.C. (2021a). Influence of poverty on academic performance: A systematic study of secondary school students in Enugu East LGA. Archives of Educational Studies 1(1),19-36
Chioke, S.C. (2021b). Anatomy of Nigerian federalism: A reflection of the nagging challenges and prospects from a cultural relativist perspective. PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development. 2(2), 232 – 256
Chioke, S. C. (2020). The trouble with godfatherism in Enugu State from 1999 – 2019: Diagnosing the gargantuan enigma and the escape route thereof. Journal of Public Administration and Governance Research. 3(1); 277 – 300
Chioke, S. C. (2012). First step on the study of public administration. Enugu: Prince Digital Press.
Chioke, S.C., Abasili, N.K., Okeke, Q.C., Mbamalu, K.U., Ibe, R.C & Odidika, T.E. (2023). Human capital development as a catalyst for employee performance in selected Nigerian public institutions. West African Journal of Educational Sciences and Practice, 2(2), 73 – 80 https://doi.org/10.57040/wajesp.v2i2.474
Chioke, S.C. & Ewuim, N.C. (2022). Urban administration: A pandemic and post-pandemic discourse. In Ewuim, N. C. (ed). Public administration in a pandemic era: Emerging issues in Nigeria. TETFUND book project chapter. Awka: Fab Educational Books. 1, 32 – 42
Chioke, S.C. & Mbamalu, K.U. (2020). Human resource planning and organizational performance: A philosophical approach. International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies, 3(3); 387-398
Chukwuemeka, E.O. (2012). The politics of godfatherism as a foundation source of instability in Nigeria. International Journal of Political Science, Law and International Relations 2(2), 69-80
Chukwuemeka, E.O. (2022). Marriage of inconvenience between neo-imperialism and Nigerian development: Can hippo and rhinos tango? 73rd Inaugural Lecture of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka. Delivered on December 15, 2022.
CUTS International (2016). Pursuing competition and regulatory reforms for achieving sustainable development goals. India: Jaipur Printers Private Limited, Jaipur
Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Demir, T. & Nyhan, R. (2008). Politics – administration dichotomy: An Empirical search for correspondence between theory and practice. Public Administration Review 68(1), 81-96
DeRosso, D. (2003). The structural functional theoretical approach. Accessed on 3/3/2023
Dike, V.E. (2009). Failed visions and economic transformation: Can Nigeria unravel the tangle? Economic & Policy Review, pp. 27-31
Eberinwa, O.M., Ifegwu, A.N. & Gbemudu, A.J. (2022). Governance and COVID-19: Emerging issues in politics. In Ewuim, N. C. (ed). Public administration in a pandemic era: Emerging issues in Nigeria. TETFUND book project chapter. Awka: Fab Educational Books. Vol 1 pp 60 – 76
Elekwa, N.N. (2009). The rule of law in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. ESUT Journal of Administration. 2(1), pp. 55-70
Ewuim, N.C. (2008). Succinct approach to government: A comparative analysis. Awka: Mount Carmel Printing & Publishing Ltd
Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999). Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Lagos: Federal Printer.
Gladden, E.N. (1972). A history of public administration. London: Frank Cass and Company.
Goodnow, F.J. (1900). Politics and administration. New York: McMillan.
Gómez-Diago G. (2020). Functionalist theory. In Merskin, D. L. (ed.). The SAGE international encyclopedia of mass media and society. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.
Grahame, B. (2016). What is responsible leadership? Training Journal
Holmwood, J. (2005). Functionalism and its critics. In Hamington, A. (ed.). Modernization theory: An introduction. Oxford: University Press. 87 – 107
Ibeme, N.P. (2020). Effect of leadership styles on human capacity building and sustainable management of SMEs in Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies, 3(3), 431-454
Idike, A. N., Ukeje, I.O., Ogbulu, U., Aloh, J. N., Obasi, V.U., Osuebi, K. & Ejem, E.N. (2020). The practice of human capital development process and poverty reduction: Consequences for sustainable development goals in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Public Organization Review. 21, 263-280
Ikejiani, M.C. (1995). The pathologies of local government administration: Corruption/fraud. In Ikejiani, M. C and Okoli, F. C. (eds) Local Government Administration in Nigeria: Current Problems and Future Challenges. Lagos: Mangrove Publication
Jewellord, N.S & Jesse, S.O. (2018). The theory and practice of building developmental states in the global south. Third World Quarterly. 39(6)
John H. & Ambreena M. (2013). Satire and the politics of corruption in Kenya. Soc & Leg Stud 22(1) 13.
Johnson, MITI & the Japanese Miracle, supra note 11 at 315, 317, 319. In Nwapi, C & Andrews, N. A (n.d). A new developmental state in Africa? Evaluating recent states interventions vis-à-vis resource extraction in Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda. MJSDL – RDDDM 13(2) 227-267
Joseph, R. (2009). Economic transformation and developmental governance in Nigeria: The promise of the Obama era. https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/economic-transformation-and-developmental-governance-in-nigeria-the-promise-of-the-obama-era/
Khemani R.S. & Dutz, M.A (1996). The instruments of competition policy and their relevance for economic policy’, PSD Occasional Paper no. 26, World Bank, Washington DC.
Kivleniece, I. & Quelin, B. (2012). Creating and capturing value in public private ties: A private sector’s perspective. Academy of Management Review. 37, 272-299
Lakoma, K (2023). A comparative study of governance changes on the perceptions of accountability in Fire and Rescue Services in England. Public Administration doi.org/10.1111/padm.12923
Levy, B. & Spiller, P.T. (1994). The institutional foundations of regulatory commitment: A comparative analysis of telecommunications regulation. The Journal of Law, Economics & Organisation, 10, 201-246
Malkin, J. & Wildavsky, A. (2016). Why the traditional distinction between public and private goods should be abandoned. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 3(4),
Meyns, P & Musamba (2010). The Developmental State in Africa: Problems and prospects. Institute for Development and Peace.
Mkandawire, T. (2001). Thinking about developmental states in Africa. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 25(3).
National Bureau of Statistics (2022). Nigeria Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022.
Ndubuisi, J. (2011). Politics in Nigeria: An appraisal. Enugu: HRV Publishers
Ndukwe, C. et al (2022). Public private partnerships dynamics in Nigeria power sector: Service failure outcomes and consumer dissonance behavior. Public Organisation Review.
Nwankwo, BC (2022). Why Nigeria is not working and fixing Nigeria of our dream: Unburdening the colonial burden. 69th Inaugural lecture of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka held on Thursday, January 27, 2022.
Nwapi, C & Andrews, N.A (n.d). A new developmental state in Africa? Evaluating recent states interventions vis-à-vis resource extraction in Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda. MJSDL – RDDDM 13(2) 227-267
Ochieng’ W. and R Maxon (1992). An economic history of Kenya.
Ohiole, K., & Ojo, S. (2016). Political godfatherism and democratic consolidation in Nigeria : Empirical evidence from Oyo State and Kwara State. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(8), 1-12
Okigbo, A.C. & Nsiegbunam, C. (2000). Modern public administration: Principles and practice. Enugu: Best Publishers
Onah, F.O. (2020). Public service reforms: Desiderata for realizing sustainable development goals in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration & Governance Research 3(1); 1 – 8.
Onah, F.O. (2009). Electoral process and democracy in Nigeria (1999-2007): An appraisal. ESUT Journal of Administration. 2(1).
Onah, R.C. (2005). Public administration. Nsukka: Great AP Express Publishers Ltd
Paul, S.O., Alih, M.A. & Audu, E. (2017). Public Administration and Traditional Administrative System in Africa: An Interdependency Discourse. Management (1), 1 – 15
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. (2016). Public management reforms: A comparative analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Ramadhani M. & Vain J. (2022). Professionalizing public administration and the impact of performance audit on public organizations in Tanzania. PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development, 3(2), 85-112. https://doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v3i2.3941
Raudla, R., Taro, K., Agu, C. & Diuglas, J.W. (2016). The impact of performance audit on public sector organizations: The case of Estonia. Public Organization Review, 16(2), 217 – 233
Rodney, W. (1972). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
Rosenbloom, D.H. & Kravchuk, R.S. (2002). Public administration: Understanding management, politics and law in the public sector. Boston: McGraw Hill
Susser, B. (1992). Approaches to the study of politics. New York: Macmillan.
Svara, J. (1998). The politics-administration dichotomy model as aberration. Public Administration Review. 58(1), 51–58.
Talbot, C. (2016). Theories of performance: Organizational and service improvement in public domain. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Udenta, J. (2017). Ndigbo and the current political equation in Nigeria: A parametric Outlook. 24th Inaugural Lecture of Enugu State University of Science and Technology. Delivered on January 26, 2017.
Ukeje, I.O. (2006). The challenges of effective leadership in Nigerian Public Administration: A case study of Obasanjo Administration 1999-2006. Unpublished B.Sc Project. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
Ukeje, I.O; Ndukwe, C; Chukwuemeka, E.; Udu O. & Onele J. C. (2020): Public service recruitment practices and implications for sustainable development in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(4):361-372
Ukwandu, DC (2019) South Africa as a developmental state. Is it a viable idea? School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy. University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
United Nations (2017). Achieving sustainable development goals in East and North East Asia. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Urry, J. (2000). Sociology beyond societies: mobilities for the twenty-first century. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
Wikibooks (2023). Wikibooks: Open Books for an Open World: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sociological_Theory/Structural_Functionalism (Accessed: March 24, 2023).
Wilson, W. (1941). The Study of Administration. Political Science Quarterly, 56(4), 481–506. https://doi.org/10.2307/2143644
Zayum, S.S. & Agbodike, F.C. (2021). Human capital development and service delivery in Benue State Universal Basic Education Board Makurdi, Nigeria. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research 7(3), 41-49